University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA: Ph.D. 1980. Coursework and preliminary examinations completed in Chinese Civilization; Qing and Modern Chinese History; Chinese Thought and Social Theory; Japanese Civilization; Japanese Thought; and Sociological Theory.
宾夕法尼亚大学，费城，宾夕法尼亚州：1980年博士。完成中国文明、清史和近代中国历史、中国思想与社会理论、日本文明、日本思想及社会学理论的课程和预考。

Hamilton College, Clinton, NY: B.A. 1968. Major in Philosophy.
汉密尔顿学院，纽约州克林顿：1968年文学士。主修哲学。

Junior Year Program in Chinese at the East-West Center, University of Hawaii from July 1966 to August 1967, including summer of 1967 in Taiwan.
夏威夷大学东西方中心中文大三项目，从1966年7月到1967年8月，包括1967年夏天在台湾。

American University, Washington, DC: 1972-73. Enrolled in M.A. Program in Area Studies: Modern China. Also did course work in modern Chinese history at the Sino-Soviet Institute, George Washington University through the Consortium.
美利坚大学，华盛顿特区：1972-73年。注册区域研究硕士项目：现代中国。此外，通过联盟在乔治华盛顿大学苏中研究所修读现代中国历史课程。

Inter-University Center for Chinese, Taipei, Taiwan 1973-74. Intensive readings in modern and classical Chinese.
中华语文研习所，台北，台湾：1973-74年。现代和古典汉语的精读。

Inter-University Center for Japanese, Tokyo, Japan 1977-78. Intensive readings in Japanese Sinology. Participated in seminars on Chinese thought and intellectual history in the Chinese Philosophy Department, Tokyo University.
日本语文研习所，东京，日本：1977-78年。日本汉学精读。参加东京大学中国哲学系关于中国思想和思想史的研讨会。