Licence in Letters 1974, University of Fribourg
文学学士 1974，弗里堡大学
Licence en lettres 1974, University of Fribourg

Advanced Professional Certificate 1978, University of Fribourg
高级专业证书 1978，弗里堡大学
Advanced Professional Certificate 1978, University of Fribourg

Advanced Professional Certificate 1980, University of Geneva
高级专业证书 1980，日内瓦大学
Advanced Professional Certificate 1980, University of Geneva

PhD Computer and Information Systems, Stern, New York University 1986
计算机与信息系统博士，斯特恩商学院，纽约大学 1986
PhD Computer and Information Systems, Stern, New York University 1986

PhD Managerial Economics, University of Fribourg, Switzerland 1980
管理经济学博士，瑞士弗里堡大学 1980
PhD Managerial Economics, University of Fribourg, Switzerland 1980

MS Economics and Social Sciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland 1980
经济与社会科学硕士，瑞士弗里堡大学 1980
MS Economics and Social Sciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland 1980